Control fusion plasma | microwave | live formula | algebra | function plot
The Coulomb potential barrier, also known as the Coulomb barrier, is a concept in physics that refers to the energy barrier that must be overcome for two charged particles to interact or come close enough to undergo a specific process, such as nuclear reactions or particle interactions. It arises due to the electrostatic repulsion or … Read more
Matrix is a tool to deal with the linear algebra. Vector is usually used to describe most of the physical quantities those have both the direction and amplitude. The vector operations are usually very complicated in the vector algebra. A vector is a simple matrix. I try to obtain the matrix form of vector operation … Read more
Electron cyclotron resonance heating is the simplest of the radio frequency heating methods. There is no evanescent region between the antenna and the plasma. However there may be cut-offs in the plasma. It turns out to provide remarkable advantages for heating of fusion plasma. An electromagnetic wave in the electron cyclotron resonance frequency range always … Read more
Circular waveguides offer implementation advantages over rectangular wave guide is that installation is much simpler when forming runs of turns and offsets. The uniform section in the gyrotron cavity is a circular waveguide. The working mode is usually a transverse electric mode in the cavity. Here is a calculator for the Transverse Electric mode in … Read more
Gyrotron is a microwave oscillators. It changes the DC energy to high power millimetre microwave. It has been successfully used in the magnetic confinement thermonuclear fusion research as the microwave source for the electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive. A typical gyrotron cavity consists of a central section and one taper section at both … Read more
Weak form is an important tool for the analysis of electromagnetic problems. It is a bridge from the partial differential equations to the linear algebra. For example, the Helmholtz equation with wave number \(k_c\) is \(\nabla_t^2 \phi+k_c^2 \phi=0\) It is so-called “strong form”, in which the unknow is in the 2nd order differential operator. It … Read more
It is very important to specify boundary conditions at material interfaces and physical boundaries in order to get a full description of an electromagnetic problem. However the boundary conditions between two media is difficult to memorize. Here we present a way to memorize them. The maxwell’s equations are \(\nabla \times H=J+\partial_t D\) \(\nabla \times E=-\partial_t … Read more
We always learn the trigonometric functions from the geometry and use them to solve geometry problem. It it quite difficult to memorize some trigonometric identities. We re-define the sine and cosine function from the view of the solution of the ordinary differential equations in this article. It is similar with the Bessel functions. The Helmholtz … Read more
The dot product of the two vectors in cartesian coordinates is defined as: Multiply corresponding components and the add the results. Thus \( \vec a \cdot \vec b=a_1b_1+a_2b_2+a_3b_3\) If there are two vectors in cylindrical coordinates, \(\vec{A} = A_r \hat{r} + A_\theta \hat{\theta} + A_z \hat{z}\) \(\vec{B} = B_r \hat{r} + B_\theta \hat{\theta} + B_z … Read more
We have to use the cylindrical coordinates when the problem is cylindrical symmetry. For example, the eigenmode in a circular waveguide. Althrough there is a general theory for the differential operators in general curvilinear coordinates, it it very difficult to be understanded. There is also the formular for the differential operators in cylindrical coordinates. However … Read more